The Art of Equalizing

Equalizing is to create a position where the players have equal chances of winning (referred to as equality). This may be either static equality, where a draw is likely (for example, a balanced endgame) or even certain (for example, by perpetual check), or dynamic equality, where White and Black have equal chances of winning the game. In opening theory, since White has the advantage of the first move, lines that equalize are relatively good for Black and bad for White.

In the following puzzles, Black to play and equalize.